Canine leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by spiral-shaped bacteria called spirochetes.  Occurring worldwide, this zoonotic disease can infect humans, as well as wild and domestic animals.

Transmission of the Disease

Infected animals shed the leptospirosis bacteria in their urine. Anything that comes in to contact with the infected urine will be contaminated. Examples are vegetation, food, soil, bedding, and water sources.

Modes of Infection

• Direct animal to infected animal contact
• Venereal transfer
• Placental transfer
• Skin abrasions
• Mucous membranes
• Bite wounds

Incubation Period

2 to 26 days between the initial infection and observance of symptoms

Vaccination

The key to effective prevention of the disease is through vaccination.

Three Categories of Vaccines

• Core - vaccine that every dog should receive at some point in its life
• Noncore - vaccine that only some dogs need, the decision to use these vaccines is dependent upon factors such as geographic location and the lifestyle of the dog
• Not recommended - vaccine that is not generally recommended for any dog.

The vaccine for canine leptospirosa is categorized as noncore. However, studies indicate that an increased risk is connected to lifestyle, environmental, and geographical region. As the number of cases rise, the vaccine may be recommended more. Vaccination immunity typically lasts four to six months and re-vaccination should be discussed with a veterinarian.

The spirochetes shed in urine can infect humans if it comes into contact with open skin or mucosal surfaces. Veterinarians and their staff should be aware that they are at increased risk and take appropriate precautions by utilizing goggles, latex gloves, and disinfectants when handling an infected dog.

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